Lot has been done under the 20-Point Economic Programme to help the poor and lift them economically, such as abolition of bonded labour, scaling down or writing off of debts, provision of house sites, etc. endstream endobj startxref Expenditure tax in India sought the same objective. ADVERTISEMENTS: It is not enough for a country to attempt to increase its national income. To the rest if income comes, it is squandered away. Property is the very basis or cause of inequality of incomes. Social services like public parks, libraries, museums, community air-conditioned halls, community radio and TV sets, refrigerators may be provided on a liberal scale, so that the poor are able to enjoy almost all possible amenities available to the rich. Thus inequalities spoil the rich and degrade the poor. In India, several concessions are being offered to scheduled castes and backward classes or persons living in backward areas so that the evils of their backwardness may be minimized. h޴��n7�_����$g� 0`9��E��\(�B^@�I)ҷ�?�l���-�XP�"�HGQ�5�b0�#����Dj�䝇��@���3.$V�E��x��Zl�K�[���h��,�?_��lv�����Ū�����N��6���_�����������*�����_X`���۶tԥm���f��ݯ9=��}0����;�;CX�&k8'm��C��}��|H%�Q�Ȥ�FpB�ȉL����a�&�3�U�qh�f�$X�7���ПJN(3�d���2k���uN��0~��%��l�k��1���u�^6���l���y����o�A>w��L���E��4E/s�|��e���~k�4E�7�����dB/��ݔ��:�R��s����o����H��~�)��M8:�A��O�Y{T%# W%��P�#���.�. Most inequality analysis focuses on income (the wages earned from a job or from capital gains) rather than wealth (the sum of one’s assets minus debts). There are people who save and turn their saving into capital. Under a system, where there are large accretions of wealth in certain patches, not only is the capacity for savings greater, but the ability to invest and gain is also greater. In 1964-65 and again in 1966-6, rate of estate duty were made steeper in India. Share Your PDF File Some are more gifted than others. Ordinary graduates manage to get lucrative jobs through the influence of relations and friends, whereas brilliant graduates without helpful contacts may have to be content with low-paid jobs. Note that the article’s focus is the causes rather than e ects of gender inequality, and thus I do not review the literature on the reverse direction of causality, that is, how gender inequality hinders economic development.1 Nonetheless, much of the discussion hints at ine ciencies that result from constricted opportunities for women and girls. It is a great social loss that brainy people without money are unable to make their due contribution to social welfare. Democracy is a farce when there is a wide gulf between the rich and the poor. %PDF-1.6 %���� It is sheer chance. %PDF-1.5 %���� If there had been no system of private property, people will altogether lose incentives to work and to save. Kennedy’s assassination gave a chance to Lyndon Johnson. Unequal incomes promote monopolies. The poor man finds it almost impossible to regain the virtues of honesty and integrity. cause fewer than 10% live beyond 35. Some persons are born landless; others inherit a few acres and still others thousands of acres. This will be another step towards leveling up incomes. Gender inequality has been a topical issue in academic debate in Nigeria. Those who do, like their younger and male counterparts, are nearly all white and heterosexual. It is not easy for a poor man to make his way in life, however brilliant he may be. It is only when income is unequally distributed that there are people who are so rich that in their case saving is automatic. h�bbd``b`�e@���`����z��o�d��k��1����� L� (2) Biological. On the other hand, a child of mediocre ability, if properly nursed, brought up and educated, will more than make up for the lack of natural gifts. They want up to 40%, which is almost expropriator. TOS4. If the national income of the country is evenly distributed among all its citizens, it is clear that it will be only thinly spread over the whole population. Welcome to EconomicsDiscussion.net! Some economists make even virtue of this necessity and they see lot of good in these inequalities from the point of view of capital formation. Parents of some persons die penniless or still worse die under debt passing the burden of debt on to their children, while others leave huge cash balances for the benefit of their heirs. This will take away from the rich the power to display their wealth. The socialist countries like the U.S.S.R. and Communist China have established systems whose aim is to reduce inequalities […] (4) Economic. Prejudice: Men are so much biased against the qualities of a woman that when a woman works excellently, men say ‘she is a man’. It sometimes happens that a person comes to know of a vacancy and gets it. This will prevent, to some extent, a rich man from getting richer still. Effects of gender inequality in employment and pay in Jordan, Lebanon and the Occupied Palestinian Territory: three questions answered / Zafiris Tzannatos; International Labour Office. It is said that ‘slow rises merit by poverty depressed’. Gender inequality Woman working at the Douglas Tilbe House day centre, Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire In 2017 the pay gap in the UK between men and women for … One such device is the steeply progressive taxes on incomes. A business man happens to start business in a place which turns out to be one of very favourable location. 0 Natural or inborn qualities are considerably modified by environments. (vi) Steep Succession Taxes and Estate Duty and Wealth lax: Lest inequities should be perpetuated from generation to generation, steeply-graded estate duty and/or wealth tax may be imposed. The persistence of gender inequality in Zimbabwe: factors that impede the advancement of women into leadership positions in primary schools Owence Chabaya, Symphorosa Rembe and Newman Wadesango ochabaya@ufh.ac.za; srembe@ufh.ac.za; nwadesango@ufh.ac.za We investigated and analysed the factors that women teachers consider as Our mission is to provide an online platform to help students to discuss anything and everything about Economics. There is no doubt that if one undergoes technical training of the right type after a course of general education, his efficiency will improve. For this purpose all possible fiscal devices should be adopted. Mere leveling up will not bridge the gulf between the rich and the poor. h�b```���,o@(�� Human dignity is lost altogether. 1374 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6682F3004960794BBA73B4E0A9A18BDC><3551321905F5714FB05FF129027E7B0D>]/Index[1365 23]/Info 1364 0 R/Length 70/Prev 980065/Root 1366 0 R/Size 1388/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream 1387 0 obj <>stream It also might vary from harassment to pay to raise. The rich are corrupted by vice and the poor demoralized by lack of economic strength. 1. Vice and corruption rule such a world. The following are some of the measures which can be suggested to reduce inequality of incomes: One step that can be taken in the direction of more egalitarian society is to guarantee each citizen a minimum wage consistent with a minimum standard of living. 843 0 obj <> endobj This will also take away the incentive to amassing wealth for exclusive private enjoyment. Inequality of incomes leads to some very serious economic and social consequences: It has created two sections in society—the ‘haves’ and the ‘have-not’s—which are ever on the war path. India also has decided to set up a ‘socialistic pattern of society’. (However in the Finance Act of 1985 the Estate duty was abolished and wealth tax rates were also reduced.). Even they have failed to attain perfect equality. In the present era of social and political awakening, it has become a major plank of political policy that inequalities of incomes should be reduced, if not eliminated. It is well known that under-developed regions do not offer good opportunities for employment, whereas the developed regions have ample opportunities. As a counterpart, a ceiling on urban property can be imposed so that inequalities in urban areas can also be toned down. Some inherit a feeble mind in a feeble body, and they naturally lag behind.